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本文作者：張南海老師（Coco）
泰祺教育英語(yǔ)教研組老師
想必大家都知道“得閱讀者得天下”這句話，由此可見閱讀理解在英語(yǔ)（二）考試中的重要性。上期我們提供了做主旨題的思路和方法，這期我給大家?guī)?lái)閱讀理解中例證題的解題思路及技巧，請(qǐng)配合真題享用~
什么叫做例證題？
什么叫做例證題？首先我們先看下最典型的例證題長(zhǎng)什么樣。
【例1】
The author mentions Colleen’s example to show . (2008, Passage 3, 第54題)
The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that . (2008, Passage 4, 第60題)
通過(guò)上面兩道真題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)最典型的例證題會(huì)出現(xiàn)example這樣的關(guān)鍵詞。
不過(guò)現(xiàn)在的出題老師可是“壞的很”哦，可不會(huì)讓你們那么簡(jiǎn)單能看出來(lái)這是例證題，來(lái)品品這兩道題目：
The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate . (2013, Text 1, 第21題)
McRib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that . (14年Text 1, 第23題)
相信一定會(huì)有些同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是細(xì)節(jié)題吧？這兩題算是比較進(jìn)階的例證題問(wèn)法了，直接用例子中的關(guān)鍵詞，問(wèn)你該例子是證明什么。需要先判斷出“The joke”和“McRib”在文中是論據(jù)，才能判斷出它們是例證題。所以在問(wèn)法上就增加了難度，一定要仔細(xì)辨別哦！
這里要明確一點(diǎn)，例證題考的是論點(diǎn)，而不是論據(jù)本身。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)二閱讀中，我們文章的體裁都是議論文，議論文是由論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)構(gòu)成的，而所有的例子都是用來(lái)證明觀點(diǎn)的。因此，問(wèn)某個(gè)例子證明什么，它考的一定是該例子的論點(diǎn)。
例證題的解題步驟
明確完例證題的考查方向后，我們就可學(xué)習(xí)它的解題方法了。這里給大家準(zhǔn)備了一個(gè)思維導(dǎo)圖，記得長(zhǎng)按保存哦~
Step 2: 找論據(jù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)（80%往論據(jù)前面找，20%往論據(jù)后面找）
注：有80%的情況作者是先寫論點(diǎn)，再寫論據(jù)去證明論點(diǎn)。還有20%的情況作者會(huì)先寫論據(jù)，再由論據(jù)來(lái)引出論點(diǎn)。所以大家找觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，要注意論據(jù)前后都留意一下。
Step 3: 選出與論點(diǎn)匹配的選項(xiàng)——畫出選項(xiàng)中的對(duì)象，對(duì)應(yīng)原文談?wù)摰膶?duì)象。
例證題真題解析
接下來(lái)我們用上面的解題步驟來(lái)做2013年英語(yǔ)二真題閱讀。
真題：
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate . （2013 Text 1）
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
讀完題干，發(fā)現(xiàn)出題老師超好心地告訴了我們論據(jù)“The joke”出現(xiàn)在第一段的位置。
Para 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
找論據(jù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)（80%往論據(jù)前面找，20%往論據(jù)后面找）
但讀完第一段，只知道The joke是指現(xiàn)代紡織廠自動(dòng)化程度很高，并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)。這時(shí)，我們往后看去找論點(diǎn)。
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.
通過(guò)第二段point一詞，可以得知后文是觀點(diǎn)處，指出這種現(xiàn)象背后的原因，這里提到兩個(gè)原因，一個(gè)是the big drop in demand，一個(gè)是the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution。并且這里出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but，則語(yǔ)義重心出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移，重點(diǎn)在but后，所以作者想強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因是“全球化和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展”。
選出與論點(diǎn)匹配的選項(xiàng)——畫出選項(xiàng)中的對(duì)象，對(duì)應(yīng)原文談?wù)摰膶?duì)象
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate .
[A] the impact of technological advances 技術(shù)進(jìn)步
[B] the alleviation of job pressure 工作壓力
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills 紡織廠
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes 中產(chǎn)階級(jí)收入
畫出選項(xiàng)中的對(duì)象后，對(duì)應(yīng)論點(diǎn)中最主要的原因，發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C、D的對(duì)象與論點(diǎn)的對(duì)象無(wú)關(guān)，A選項(xiàng)的是“技術(shù)進(jìn)步的影響”，與論點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)，所以可得出正確答案是A。
是不是發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方法還不錯(cuò)呢？下面我們?cè)賮?lái)看2014年英語(yǔ)二真題閱讀Text 1這篇文章的例證題：
真題：
23. McRib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that . （2014 Text 1）
[A] popularity usually comes after quality
[B] consumers are sometimes irrational
[C] marketing tricks are after effective
[D] rarity generally increases pleasure
這道題問(wèn)的是：第三段中的提到McRib是為了證明了什么？接下來(lái)我們依舊用三步驟來(lái)解題。
…... Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib — a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
找論據(jù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)（80%往論據(jù)前面找，20%往論據(jù)后面找）
McRib出現(xiàn)在第三段的最后一句話，是論據(jù)部分，很自然的往前句找論點(diǎn)。不難看出這句話其實(shí)有兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)：
Point A: Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself.
Point B: luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. 在這里有個(gè)就近原則：如果觀點(diǎn)中有point A 和 point B，后面的例子則是證明point B的。
所以找論據(jù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)，找和它最近的觀點(diǎn)即可。最后確定下來(lái)論點(diǎn)是Point B: luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. 有節(jié)制的消費(fèi)奢侈品才能帶給人最大的快樂(lè)。
選出與論點(diǎn)匹配的選項(xiàng)——畫出選項(xiàng)中的對(duì)象，對(duì)應(yīng)原文談?wù)摰膶?duì)象
23.McRib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .
[A] popularity usually comes after quality 流行
[B] consumers are sometimes irrational 消費(fèi)者
[C] marketing tricks are after effective 營(yíng)銷策略
[D] rarity generally increases pleasure 稀有物
通過(guò)劃出對(duì)象，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A、B、C的對(duì)象與觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)象也無(wú)關(guān)，D選項(xiàng)的意思是：“稀有的東西可以提升愉悅感”與論點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)，McRib是為了證明“越稀有的東西越令人愉快并為之所著迷”。所以正確答案選D。
這題的B和C選項(xiàng)都是強(qiáng)干擾選項(xiàng)，不少同學(xué)都會(huì)掉到坑里，尤其注意的是C選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)銷策略通常會(huì)起效”是論據(jù)本身。做例證題時(shí)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，通常有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是論據(jù)本身，不能選！
通過(guò)兩道例證題的分析，大家有沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，例證題的解題方法結(jié)合文章語(yǔ)義重心的位置，可以快速選出正確答案。同學(xué)們一定要多加練習(xí)哦~
